Guest post by Helen O'Neill
The world is changing.
Areas that were once remote are becoming ever more accessible; even the
world’s few remaining areas of wilderness are increasingly
human-dominated. The global human
population’s ever growing effects on the environment has led many people to
start referring to our current period in history as the Anthropocene.
Habitat loss and fragmentation are the leading threats to
global biodiversity. As areas where wild species once thrived disappear and remaining parcels of
wilderness become rarer and more isolated, wildlife is often forced into
closer contact with local human populations.
Whilst protected areas are undoubtedly important refuges for many
threatened species, human-dominated landscapes are nevertheless likely to be
key for the future of conservation.
Large carnivore populations in Europe provide tangible
evidence of the importance of human-dominated landscapes to conservation. Just a few decades ago, across the continent
populations of brown bears (Ursus arctos),
grey wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian
lynx (Lynx lynx) had undergone
massive declines as a result of habitat loss in combination with human
persecution. However, over recent years
these carnivore populations have had a resurgence. Changes in legislation providing the species
with greater protection from persecution, along with the establishment of
nature reserves, has led to populations of all three species remaining steady
and even increasing across Europe. Whilst the increase in protected areas has been of great
importance for these carnivore species, the majority of their populations still
live outside of protected areas. =It is
likely thanks to the recognition of the importance of these non-protected, and
human-dominated, areas to carnivore conservation and the interventions that
have focused on them, which has resulted in carnivore population recoveries.
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| Collaring Zuri. Photo contributed by Helen O'Neill. |
My research focuses on how African wild
dogs and cheetah live in a human-dominated landscape in Laikipia County in
Northern Kenya, and how geographical features such as fences affect them. Both wild dogs and cheetah have suffered from
extensive habitat loss and fragmentation across Africa, with wild dogs now
found in just 7% of their former range and cheetah 11%. They are the widest-ranging species
within the African large carnivore guild; with individuals and groups from both
species having been recorded having home-ranges of more than 2000 sq km. This wanderlust means they need large areas
of carnivore-friendly land to survive. As
with European carnivore populations, very few protected areas are large enough
to support viable populations of cheetah or wild dogs on their own, meaning
that habitat loss and fragmentation are still very real threats to their
survival.
When you talk about habitat loss and
fragmentation people's first thoughts are usually of vast swathes of tropical
forests being cut down, leaving only small stands of trees, however such images
don’t tell the full story. Fragmentation
is caused by any feature that prevents animals moving from one area of habitat
to another. Increases in fragmentation mean
that connections between habitat patches are lost and can result in serious
consequences for the species affected, ranging from animals no longer having
access to the resources they need to survive or, in the longer-term,
inbreeding.
For many human-dominated landscapes amongst the key causes of fragmentation are fences. This kind of fragmentation is much less obvious than a vast swathe of
deforestation as there may well be areas of apparently prime habitat on each
side of the fence. Nonetheless fences
can have important impacts on the connectivity of an area - after all
preventing movement between different areas is literally their raison d'etre.
In order to look at how wild dogs and
cheetah live in and move through their landscape, I use data collected by GPS
collars, which my colleagues and I fit to our study animals. These collars record the animal’s location at
pre-programmed times throughout the day, enabling me to see how they
interact with different features within the landscape. It is perhaps not surprising that I have
found that fences have important impacts on our study animals but what has been
interesting is the extent to which the design of the fence affects how much the
wild dogs and cheetah are affected by them. Whilst some fences have significant effects, others appear to have little
or no effect at all.
Laikipia is an area of huge conservation significance. Living alongside a large and growing human
population there are high wildlife densities and vital populations of several
globally threatened species. Laikipia is
already a human-dominated landscape as is only likely to become more so over
the coming years. However, whilst it is
undoubtedly important to take into account the effects of different
socio-economic and cultural factors, it is nevertheless encouraging to look to
carnivore populations throughout the European mainland and see them persisting,
and even thriving, in human-dominated landscapes there.
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Helen O'Neill is a PhD candidate at Zoological Society London, and her research focuses on cheetah and African wild dogs living in a human-dominated landscape in Northern Kenya. You can find more about her research here or reach out to her on Twitter @hmk_oneill.
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The entrance to the Vikos 
Toad-hunting in the creek